Article Nicolas Serrano:
The
piece that I chose to do my article talks about the process of transformation
that introduced the World Bank, from its origins, through periods where social
approach was strong in the economy, to the structure we know today. In the
first instance it is important to clarify that this institution was recognized
as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and was based on
the thesis that the development was a method for achieving economic growth
ignoring it as an end, many disputes were then generated at sociological and
economic.
It
seems very important to rescue the various forms taken by the World Bank and
the various entities that have influenced its structure, as you reference
before its original name was the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development, whose primary mission was to support the reconstruction of
devastated countries after the Second World War, against a backdrop of economic
interests based on give and then establish arbitrary rules, the IBRD was accompanied
simultaneously by the International Finance Corporation and the International
Association of "Development", then use the expression World Bank to
recognize IDA and IBRD.
The
book is a study of the three point’s divergent development of the idea driving
the World Bank at the beginning: The first clear difference existed between
growth and social objectives, understanding the second concept to reach the
former in terms purely quantitative. The second conflict internally generated
by this institution's mission and vision issues and exploring Third signs for
the conflict to determine development concepts, is it necessary to reorganize
conflict economy development and direct it?
In
the economics of conflict and development are issues that have left their mark
on the World Bank's actions, since it seems to have frozen his coldness toward
social problems, in times where they had gained much ground to development
issues for example with the UN to bring change its structure had to change his
intentions to end up being more about an agency to develop a bank.
The
book is divided into four parts; the first is a type of historical introduction
that places the reader about the conflicts that preceded the discussions on the
definition of development in the economic, sociological and historical. The
second chapter tells how the World Bank focused on developing countries, for
the specific case, focused on Colombia and participated in policy development
concepts. The third chapter deals with the debates that arose in development
economics at a time when the discipline is emerging as an autonomous field of
writing itself as development theory based on the Colombian case. The last
chapter describes the methods of credit granted by the World Bank to developing
countries and how these credits sparked controversy by questioning the
feasibility of its application to economies like Colombia.
For
me these institutions (World Bank) unethical to impose conditions and more
money type conditions, the end of the day are applying under the economic
theories of more than a century, economic theories have failed also
continuously ideals free market that do not work in the form of acting man also
cannot ignore that these institutions are run by people of capitalist thought,
the school of this movement ignores the concepts of development, as well as the
maximum found in the profit maximization, make bigger your income, under these
concepts do not find the concept of logical World Bank as the benefactor of the
developing nations.
This
issue is very relevant to my career, it is concerned to impose economic
theories that take into account the development, stop ignoring factors such as
poverty, education, or health standards are tasks we propose economists of this
era, unfortunately in my case, many teachers who want to ignore these issues,
preferring to work fully in the numerical part, on the cost, regardless of the
economy is also familiar with the structure of a social science, where it is
very important to provide for joint growth.
Complementing
my thesis, I think the economy should shake frivolous remark that it has been
in recent times, where science questions his character as long ago ceased to
innovate, just go to an old theory to correct errors of another old theory,
major flaw I think, being the science that directs economy countries, has to be
then the economy innovative science that anticipates the problems of humanity
with practical solutions, we must confront the environmental crisis, we must
face primary resource crisis, we face nuclear wars, and the economy is facing
this always putting forward to the whole person, not the wealth of a few heads.
For
me the economy has many aspects to be defined as a rigorous science, depends on
us as economists apply the fruit that this science will render to humanity.
Alacevich,
Michele. Political Economy of the World Bank: The Early Years.
Herndon,
VA, USA: World Bank Publications, 2008. P (1).
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibliauauto/Doc?id=10369846&ppg=1
Copyright
© 2008. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.
This book presents the
main economic theories to the twentieth century. The author confronts different
ideas with their respective authors. Focuses more on the evolution of the world's most industrialized Western
Europe, the U.S. and Russia / USSR than those in less industrially developed
parts of the world. These theories of the twentieth century are
presented in the third chapter.
In the third chapter
of the book “An age of Progress”, Walter G. Moss said that the scientific and
technological development of the twentieth century had occurred in social and
economic systems. One of these is capitalism, it has been defined as an
economic one and this has only been looking for the benefit of private companies.
He said that in 1900 countries as U.S, Germany, Great Britain and France had
been the leading powers but he said that “for this period the capitalism was at
a less advanced stage of development”. A system characterized by consumerism,
Joseph Schumpeter said that the capitalism had revolutionized the economic
structure from within, incessantly
destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one.
The other system is
the communism, the author says that socialism/ communism had been advocated by
Karl Marx.
The capitalism helps
increase productivity, but Marx said that this system had imperfections, this
creates for example, “…worsening cycles of economic expansion and recession,
competitive and individualistic values”. Therefore the Marxism would seek
eliminate inequalities, poverty, human alienation, class conflict, among other
things. The author says that the communism in twentieth century had been well
welcomed by society.
The ideological battle
between capitalism and socialism was present when just end the Cold War in
1980. Moss said that the right and left groups were discussing the solution to
the economic problems in the twentieth century, after military discussions. With the behavior that has had capitalism and
communism falls; the author says that most of the world's economies were being
mixed economies, neither purely capitalist nor socialist.
SOCIALISM,
COMMUNISM AND POST-COMMUNISM.
Nineteenth century,
workers in the capitalist system began to demand better wages and working
conditions, these ideas were influenced by Marxism which advocated a democratic
way. Walter G. says that unions had taken strength in countries like Britain
and Germany. Also he said that democratic socialist had been using the term
socialism differently than it was used in communist countries, starting with
Russia in 1917. The author said that in 1922, the communist leaders in Russia
had proclaimed their new state the union of soviet socialist.
And finally the author
tells us of the changes that has taken the agricultural economy in Russia
before and after-the-war.
This kind of readings
are closely related to my career, economy, because they explain part of the
process that has been through the world to the point where we are. Economy not
only handles financial matters, also social topics, development,
competitiveness, global history and geography, everything in order to
understand the course of the negotiations of the countries.
If an economist is
interested or cares the course of humanity, he or she must understand and
manage the history and the different theories that were presented at different
periods
If the reader wants to
understand the previous reading, you must read before of the issues mentioned
as capitalism, socialism, communism, world wars, geopolitical and economic
theory.
Moss, Walter Gerald. Age of
Progress? : Clashing Twentieth-Century Global Forces.
London, GBR: Anthem Press, 2008.
p iii.
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibliauauto/Doc?id=10481493&ppg=3
Copyright © 2008. Anthem Press.
All rights reserved.
SONIA AREVALO: http://prezi.com/cpao3ganzmdv/kellogg/
NICOLAS SERRANO
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MAURICIO TRUJILLO
REDBULL
PREZI
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