English level 4

Article Nicolas Serrano:

The piece that I chose to do my article talks about the process of transformation that introduced the World Bank, from its origins, through periods where social approach was strong in the economy, to the structure we know today. In the first instance it is important to clarify that this institution was recognized as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and was based on the thesis that the development was a method for achieving economic growth ignoring it as an end, many disputes were then generated at sociological and economic.

It seems very important to rescue the various forms taken by the World Bank and the various entities that have influenced its structure, as you reference before its original name was the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, whose primary mission was to support the reconstruction of devastated countries after the Second World War, against a backdrop of economic interests based on give and then establish arbitrary rules, the IBRD was accompanied simultaneously by the International Finance Corporation and the International Association of "Development", then use the expression World Bank to recognize IDA and IBRD.

The book is a study of the three point’s divergent development of the idea driving the World Bank at the beginning: The first clear difference existed between growth and social objectives, understanding the second concept to reach the former in terms purely quantitative. The second conflict internally generated by this institution's mission and vision issues and exploring Third signs for the conflict to determine development concepts, is it necessary to reorganize conflict economy development and direct it?

In the economics of conflict and development are issues that have left their mark on the World Bank's actions, since it seems to have frozen his coldness toward social problems, in times where they had gained much ground to development issues for example with the UN to bring change its structure had to change his intentions to end up being more about an agency to develop a bank.

The book is divided into four parts; the first is a type of historical introduction that places the reader about the conflicts that preceded the discussions on the definition of development in the economic, sociological and historical. The second chapter tells how the World Bank focused on developing countries, for the specific case, focused on Colombia and participated in policy development concepts. The third chapter deals with the debates that arose in development economics at a time when the discipline is emerging as an autonomous field of writing itself as development theory based on the Colombian case. The last chapter describes the methods of credit granted by the World Bank to developing countries and how these credits sparked controversy by questioning the feasibility of its application to economies like Colombia.

For me these institutions (World Bank) unethical to impose conditions and more money type conditions, the end of the day are applying under the economic theories of more than a century, economic theories have failed also continuously ideals free market that do not work in the form of acting man also cannot ignore that these institutions are run by people of capitalist thought, the school of this movement ignores the concepts of development, as well as the maximum found in the profit maximization, make bigger your income, under these concepts do not find the concept of logical World Bank as the benefactor of the developing nations.

This issue is very relevant to my career, it is concerned to impose economic theories that take into account the development, stop ignoring factors such as poverty, education, or health standards are tasks we propose economists of this era, unfortunately in my case, many teachers who want to ignore these issues, preferring to work fully in the numerical part, on the cost, regardless of the economy is also familiar with the structure of a social science, where it is very important to provide for joint growth.

Complementing my thesis, I think the economy should shake frivolous remark that it has been in recent times, where science questions his character as long ago ceased to innovate, just go to an old theory to correct errors of another old theory, major flaw I think, being the science that directs economy countries, has to be then the economy innovative science that anticipates the problems of humanity with practical solutions, we must confront the environmental crisis, we must face primary resource crisis, we face nuclear wars, and the economy is facing this always putting forward to the whole person, not the wealth of a few heads.

For me the economy has many aspects to be defined as a rigorous science, depends on us as economists apply the fruit that this science will render to humanity.

Alacevich, Michele. Political Economy of the World Bank: The Early Years.

Herndon, VA, USA: World Bank Publications, 2008. P (1).

http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibliauauto/Doc?id=10369846&ppg=1

Article Sonia Arevalo: 3 CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM.

This book presents the main economic theories to the twentieth century. The author confronts different ideas with their respective authors. Focuses more on the evolution of the world's most industrialized Western Europe, the U.S. and Russia / USSR than those in less industrially developed parts of the world. These theories of the twentieth century are presented in the third chapter.

In the third chapter of the book “An age of Progress”, Walter G. Moss said that the scientific and technological development of the twentieth century had occurred in social and economic systems. One of these is capitalism, it has been defined as an economic one and this has only been looking for the benefit of private companies. He said that in 1900 countries as U.S, Germany, Great Britain and France had been the leading powers but he said that “for this period the capitalism was at a less advanced stage of development”. A system characterized by consumerism, Joseph Schumpeter said that the capitalism had revolutionized the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one.

The other system is the communism, the author says that socialism/ communism had been advocated by Karl Marx.

The capitalism helps increase productivity, but Marx said that this system had imperfections, this creates for example, “…worsening cycles of economic expansion and recession, competitive and individualistic values”. Therefore the Marxism would seek eliminate inequalities, poverty, human alienation, class conflict, among other things. The author says that the communism in twentieth century had been well welcomed by society.

The ideological battle between capitalism and socialism was present when just end the Cold War in 1980. Moss said that the right and left groups were discussing the solution to the economic problems in the twentieth century, after military discussions. With the behavior that has had capitalism and communism falls; the author says that most of the world's economies were being mixed economies, neither purely capitalist nor socialist.

SOCIALISM, COMMUNISM AND POST-COMMUNISM.

Nineteenth century, workers in the capitalist system began to demand better wages and working conditions, these ideas were influenced by Marxism which advocated a democratic way. Walter G. says that unions had taken strength in countries like Britain and Germany. Also he said that democratic socialist had been using the term socialism differently than it was used in communist countries, starting with Russia in 1917. The author said that in 1922, the communist leaders in Russia had proclaimed their new state the union of soviet socialist.

And finally the author tells us of the changes that has taken the agricultural economy in Russia before and after-the-war.

This kind of readings are closely related to my career, economy, because they explain part of the process that has been through the world to the point where we are. Economy not only handles financial matters, also social topics, development, competitiveness, global history and geography, everything in order to understand the course of the negotiations of the countries.

If an economist is interested or cares the course of humanity, he or she must understand and manage the history and the different theories that were presented at different periods

If the reader wants to understand the previous reading, you must read before of the issues mentioned as capitalism, socialism, communism, world wars, geopolitical and economic theory.

Moss, Walter Gerald. Age of Progress? : Clashing Twentieth-Century Global Forces.

London, GBR: Anthem Press, 2008. p iii.

http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibliauauto/Doc?id=10481493&ppg=3